Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18 to 65 years. * Unilateral lumbosacral radicular pain consistent with a dermatomal distribution. * Magnetic resonance imaging-confirmed lumbar disc herniation (bulge, protrusion, or extrusion) at the corresponding clinical level. * Persistent symptoms despite at least 6 weeks of conservative management, including analgesics and physiotherapy. * Baseline Numerical Rating Scale pain score of 4 or greater. * American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I to III. * Ability to understand and complete outcome assessments. * Written informed consent provided. Exclusion Criteria: * Previous lumbar spine surgery or failed back surgery syndrome. * Red-flag signs, including foot drop, urinary incontinence, or cauda equina syndrome. * Bilateral radicular symptoms or central canal stenosis requiring surgical intervention. * Coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulant therapy. * Local or systemic infection or hepatic dysfunction. * Known allergy to contrast medium, local anesthetics, or corticosteroids. * Pregnancy. * Severe renal impairment contraindicating contrast use. * Chronic opioid use, defined as daily opioid use for more than 3 months before enrollment. * Uncontrolled systemic disease, including unstable diabetes or severe cardiopulmonary disease. * Inability to comply with follow-up.