Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients were eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: * Adult patients (≥18 years) * Diagnosed with anterior urethral stricture requiring substitution urethroplasty * Planned use of buccal mucosal graft for urethral reconstruction * Ability to provide informed consent and comply with follow-up protocol Exclusion Criteria: * Patients were excluded if they had: * Previous buccal mucosal graft harvest * Active oral infection or mucosal pathology * History of oral malignancy or radiotherapy * Uncontrolled systemic disease (e.g., poorly controlled diabetes mellitus) * Immunosuppression or chronic steroid use * Known allergy to biological graft materials