Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Age between 18 and 45 years (skeletally mature patients). Severe dentofacial deformity requiring combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment (e.g., Le Fort I osteotomy, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, or bimaxillary procedure). Presurgical orthodontic preparation completed or near completion. Signed written informed consent prior to study enrollment. Ability and willingness to attend all scheduled preoperative and postoperative follow-up visits. Exclusion Criteria: History of previous orthognathic or major craniofacial surgical interventions. Congenital craniofacial anomalies, cleft lip and/or palate, or genetic syndromes affecting the musculoskeletal or facial skeleton. Pre-existing severe degenerative temporomandibular joint disease (e.g., advanced osteoarthritis, idiopathic condylar resorption, or ankylosis). Systemic rheumatologic, autoimmune, or connective tissue disorders affecting bone and joint metabolism (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus). Active neurological or neuromuscular disorders affecting jaw movement or motor control. Current use of medications significantly altering bone metabolism or neuromuscular function (e.g., chronic systemic corticosteroids, antiresorptive agents). Severe unmanaged bruxism or acute trauma to the maxillofacial region