Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. have been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease by a neurologist according to the diagnostic criteria of the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank, regardless of their age range; 2. have Parkinson's disease with mild-to-moderate severity determined in the 'ON' phase, with scores of 1 to 3 on the Hoehn and Yahr scale; 3. have been screened for intact attention and short-term memory functions by repeating all five words in the 'memory' question and scoring '1' (full marks) in forward order repeat in the 'read list of digits' in the 'attention' question of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment; and 4. do not have depression, as indicated by scores less than 2 on the 4-item Geriatric Depression Scale Exclusion Criteria: 1. severe dyskinesia or severe ON-OFF motor fluctuations; 2. stereotaxic brain surgery for Parkinson's disease; 3. changes in dopamine therapy dose within 3 months before the study starts; 4. disabling comorbidities such as cognitive disorders including stroke and depression; and 5. language difficulties, unstable cardia or reparatory illness, or other medical conditions that may affect participation.