Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * can understand and communicate in English; * are 19 to 35 years old; * answer "No" to all questions on the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Get Active Questionnaire (CSEP-GAQ), or have approval from a doctor to do maximal exercise testing; * are healthy enough to do hard exercise; * are an endurance athlete; and * have done at least 6 hours per week of planned endurance training, such as running, cycling, swimming, or rowing, over the past 12 months. Exclusion Criteria: * • currently use cigarettes, vaping products, or other nicotine products, or have used them in the past 2 years; * have a major uncontrolled heart, blood vessel, muscle, metabolic, or nervous system condition * have a medical condition that makes maximal exercise unsafe for you * have heart or lung disease, or a condition that affects your heart, lungs, blood vessels, or muscles * have type 1 or type 2 diabetes * have cancer or have had cancer treatment in the past 12 months * take blood-thinning medicine or have a bleeding disorder * are allergic to lidocaine or other local freezing medicine * are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are trying to become pregnant * are unable to follow the study instructions safely