Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients. * Systemically healthy and not using regular systemic medications. * A single-rooted maxillary anterior tooth requiring primary root canal treatment. * Diagnosis of chronic apical periodontitis in the study tooth. * The tooth was restorable. * Absence of root fracture or crack. * Absence of internal or external resorption. * Root canal negotiable to the apical region with a small hand file. * Ability to establish a reliable working length. * Availability of a CBCT scan of the relevant maxillary anterior region, previously obtained for clinical purposes or indicated during the treatment process. Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnancy or breastfeeding. * Previous endodontic treatment of the study tooth. * Severe canal calcification. * Suspected root fracture or crack. * Internal or external root resorption. * Periodontal probing depth of 5 mm or greater. * Previous surgical intervention in the relevant region. * Inability to negotiate the root canal. * Inability to establish a reliable working length.