Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: General Inclusion Criteria (All Groups): * Age 18 years or older. * No history of systemic diseases that could affect periodontal status. For Group 1 (Non-smoking Periodontally Healthy): * Never smoked in the past 10 years. * Probing pocket depth (PPD) ≤3 mm and no clinical attachment loss (CAL) in the sampled teeth. * Absence of gingival inflammation and no history of periodontal disease. * Bleeding on probing (BOP) affecting less than 10% of total sites. * Good oral hygiene and no more than 4 missing teeth (excluding third molars). For Group 2 (Smoking Periodontally Healthy): * History of smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day for 5 or more years. * Probing pocket depth (PPD) ≤3 mm and no clinical attachment loss (CAL) in the sampled teeth. * Absence of gingival inflammation and no history of periodontal disease. * Bleeding on probing (BOP) affecting less than 10% of total sites. * Good oral hygiene and no more than 4 missing teeth (excluding third molars). For Group 3 (Non-smoking Stage III Periodontitis): * Never smoked in the past 10 years. * Diagnosed with generalized Stage III Periodontitis * Presence of periodontal pockets with probing depth ≥6 mm in the sampled teeth. * Radiographic evidence of bone loss. * Absence of any restoration on the teeth selected for sampling. * No more than 4 missing teeth (excluding third molars). For Group 4 (Smoking Stage III Periodontitis): * History of smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day for 5 or more years. * Diagnosed with generalized Stage III Periodontitis * Presence of periodontal pockets with probing depth ≥6 mm in the sampled teeth. * Radiographic evidence of bone loss. * Absence of any restoration on the teeth selected for sampling. * No more than 4 missing teeth (excluding third molars). Exclusion Criteria: 1. Individuals under the age of 18 2. Individuals with a systemic disease 3. Cancer patients and those with a history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy 4. Pregnant and breastfeeding women 5. People who have quit smoking 6. Having undergone any periodontal surgical procedure within the last 12 months prior to treatment, 7. Having undergone periodontal treatment within the last 6 months 8. Having undergone orthodontic treatment within the last 6 months 9. Having taken antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or any other medication within the last 6 months