Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: Participants were eligible if they met all of the following criteria: * aged 18 years or older; * clinically diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) and classified as stage II or III; * had other shoulder pathologies excluded by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); * had experienced shoulder pain for at least 3 months * voluntarily participated in the study and provided written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * concomitant shoulder pathologies such as rotator cuff tears or tendinitis * neurological disorders that could affect shoulder function * a history of shoulder surgery * inability to comply with the exercise program * mental or cognitive impairments