Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Female participants aged between 40 and 70 years. * Diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis according to clinical and radiographic criteria, and presenting to the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University (AFSU). * Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5 and 40 kg/m². Exclusion Criteria: * Presence of metabolic diseases or severe comorbidities, including uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (GFR \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), liver failure, malignancy, severe cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disorders, or chronic intestinal diseases. * Any inflammatory arthritis or other rheumatologic disease with related signs or symptoms. * History of knee trauma involving cruciate ligaments or menisci within the past 3 months. * Secondary osteoarthritis due to other joint disorders such as septic arthritis, avascular necrosis, or Paget's disease. * History of previous knee surgery. * Recent intra-articular injection to the knee joint within the last 3 months.