Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18 years or older. * Diagnosis of chronic heart failure according to the 2024 Chinese guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. * Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction, reduced ejection fraction, or improved ejection fraction. * History, symptoms, or signs of heart failure. * NT-proBNP ≥125 ng/L or BNP ≥35 ng/L. * Left ventricular ejection fraction \<50% on echocardiography. * New York Heart Association functional class II to III. Exclusion Criteria: * Previous history of atrial fibrillation, or atrial fibrillation diagnosed by electrocardiography or Holter monitoring. * Acute heart failure or acute worsening of chronic heart failure. * Acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary intervention within 1 month. * Amyloidosis, granulomatous disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, or stress cardiomyopathy. * Untreated moderate-to-severe mitral stenosis or mechanical prosthetic heart valve. * Major congenital heart disease, or simple congenital heart disease with residual hemodynamic lesions. * Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism. * Severe hepatic impairment, defined as Child-Pugh class C. * End-stage renal disease, defined as eGFR ≤15 mL/min/1.73 m2, or chronic dialysis. * Severe pulmonary disease requiring long-term oxygen therapy. * Pregnancy, breastfeeding, or planned pregnancy. * End-stage disease other than heart failure, such as malignant tumor or other disease with life expectancy \<1 year.