Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: (1) age ≥ 18 years; (2) an established diagnosis of "Arterial hypertension" according to the 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines and/or 2023 ESH Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease; (3) maintenance of office SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or office DBP ≥ 90 mmHg after ≥1 month of treatment with optimal or best-tolerated doses of three or more drugs, including a thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic, an RAAS blocker (either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)), and a calcium channel blocker (CCB); (4) uncon- trolled HTN confirmed by 24-h Holter-BP monitoring; (5) good adherence to the prescribed treatment (≥80% of the treatment period); and (6) patient agreement and signed informed consent at hospital admission to participate in all planned physical, instrumental, and laboratory investigations. Exclusion Criteria: (1) patients with HTN at target BP values achieved using ≤3 antihypertensive drugs; (2) patients with uncontrolled HTN using ≥3 drugs, but not at optimal doses or not including ACEi/ARB + CCB + thiazide/thiazide-like diuretic or a treatment period of \<1 month; (3) an established diagnosis of "secondary HTN"; (4) suspected/confirmed pseudo-resistant HTN; and (5) patient clinical condition and/or comorbid factors/diseases making the planned instrumental investigations unfeasible.