Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Children aged 10 to 18, inclusive, years of age 2. Diagnosis of Idiopathic scoliosis, kyphosis and/or kyphoscoliosis 3. Scheduled for spine fusion. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients on chronic pain medication (opioid use over 6 months prior to surgery) 2. Pregnant or breastfeeding females. 3. Children with a history of or active renal or liver disease. 4. Non-English speaking patients. 5. Developmental delay 6. Body Mass Index ≥ 30 7. Currently taking tricyclic, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class of medications (within the last month) 8. Cardiac conditions including, but not limited to, cyanotic heart disease, Hypoplastic Left Ventricle, arrhythmia, hypertension with ongoing treatment, Kawasaki Disease, cardiomyopathies. Patients with asymptomatic valvular lesions or defects may be included. 9. Severe lung disease such as cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia within the last month 10. History of seizures currently treated on medication (patients off medication and seizure free for greater than one year may be included) 11. Other known genetic diseases including but not limited to Ehlers Danlos, Downs' etc. 12. History of Obstructive sleep apnea by history (pauses during sleep, significant snoring, use of CPAP)