Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Agree and voluntarily participate in the research (with the patient's parent/guardian consent for participation) 2. Children have a primary molar with at least 2 carious lesions corresponding to International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) scores 4 or at least 1 carious lesion corresponding to ICDAS scores 5 and 6. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Children with systemic diseases such as immunodeficiency, cardiovascular disease, or bleeding disorders. 2. Children are allergic to nickel and resin. 3. Children unable to return for recall visits. 4. Primary molar has signs of pulpal/periapical diseases (irreversible pulpitis, pulp necrosis, loosening, fistula, or abscess). 5. Children are undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed or removable appliances.