Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria (Stage #1): * Individuals aged ≥ 65 years residing in Italy; * Cognitively healthy individuals (HC); * Individuals with subjective memory complaints (SMC); * Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI); * Individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inclusion criteria (Stage #2 \& Stage #3): * Individuals aged ≥ 65 years residing in Italy; * Cognitively healthy individuals (HC); * Individuals with subjective memory complaints (SMC); * Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI); * Individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD); * Individuals with Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia; * Individuals suffering from mental disorders clinically diagnosed. Cognitively healthy individuals (HC): * MMSE score ≥24, or alternatively MoCA score ≥26; * No diagnosis of depression, MCI or any form of dementia; * Episodic memory performance within the normal range (Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory II ≥9 for 16 years of schooling or more; ≥5 for 8-15 years of schooling, ≥3 for 0-7 years of schooling; or alternatively for Prose Memory Test with scores ≥9 for ≥16 years of schooling → ≥5 items in immediate or delayed recall; ≥5 for 8-15 years of schooling → ≥3-4 items in immediate or delayed recall; ≥3 for 0-7 years of schooling → ≥2 items in immediate or delayed recall) Individuals with Subjective Memory Complaints (SMC): * MMSE score ≥24, or alternatively MoCA score ≥26; * A significant memory impairment, reported by the subject, a family member, or the clinician; * No diagnosis of depression, MCI or any form of dementia; * Episodic memory performance within the normal range on the Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory II adjusted for years of schooling (≥9 for 16+ years of schooling, ≥5 for 8-15 years of schooling, ≥3 for 0-7 years of schooling) or, alternatively, on the Prose Memory Test (with scores ≥9 for ≥16 years of schooling → ≥5 items in immediate or delayed recall; ≥5 for 8-15 years of schooling → ≥3-4 items in immediate or delayed recall; ≥3 for 0-7 years of schooling → ≥2 items in immediate or delayed recall) Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): * MMSE score between 19 and 23 inclusive (alternatively MoCA); * A decline in memory reported by the subject, a family member, or the clinician; * No diagnosis of depression or affected by any form of dementia, with preserved ability in activities of daily living; * Objective episodic memory loss on the Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory II adjusted for years of schooling. Individuals with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD): * Insidious onset with atypical course: some criteria for probable AD are met, but the onset of symptoms may have been sudden, or there is a lack of objective evidence of progressive cognitive decline; * Mixed etiology presentation: All criteria for probable AD are met, with concomitant cerebrovascular disorders, or the presence of features typical of another dementia or the evidence of other neurological disorders or non-neurological comorbidities; * A decline in performance compared to the previous level of functioning is evident, as also described by a caregiver (often a family member) * Onset with memory disturbances, defined as difficulty learning new information or recalling it; * Onset with non-mnemonic symptoms (language symptoms, particularly difficulty finding the correct words; visuospatial symptoms: perceptual deficits characterized by failure to recognize objects, people, or written words; executive symptoms: difficulties with reasoning and critical thinking); * MMSE score \< 23 (alternatively MoCA \< 25); * Objective episodic memory loss on the Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory II adjusted for years of schooling. Exclusion criteria (Stage #1): * Individuals aged \< 65 years; * Individuals not residing in Italy; * Individuals with depression or other psychiatric disorders; * Individuals with forms of dementia other than Alzheimer's disease.