Clinical Research Directory

Inclusion Criteria: * subjects were required to be obese adults aged 30 to 60 years with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2 * confirmed diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) via abdominal ultrasonography. * Biochemically, participants met the criteria for elevated liver enzymes, defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \> 56 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \> 40 U/L, or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) \> 147 U/L. * They also exhibited impaired glycemic status with a fasting blood sugar (FBS) \> 130 mg/dL and a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level between 6.0% and 8.0%, . * dyslipidemia characterized by total cholesterol \>200 mg/dL, triglycerides \>150 mg/dL low-density lipoprotein (LDL) \>100 mg/dL, or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) \< 40 mg/dL. * Finally, all selected individuals demonstrated a documented willingness to participate in a supervised, calorie-restricted dietary intervention. Exclusion Criteria: * individuals were excluded from the study if they presented with secondary causes of hepatic steatosis, including significant alcohol consumption, chronic viral hepatitis (B or C), * autoimmune hepatitis, or drug-induced liver injury. * Potential participants were also excluded if they had a history of advanced liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma), * severe renal or cardiovascular comorbidities, or were currently taking medications known to induce steatosis (such as systemic corticosteroids or amiodarone). .Pregnant or lactating women were likewise excluded from enrollment.