Clinical Research Directory

Building Sustainability Competencies in Future Nurses

Global warming and social justice issues are increasing the complexity of global healthcare delivery. Health systems significantly contribute to environmental harm through carbon emissions, medical waste, and resource overuse. Nurses, as the largest group in healthcare, face workplace hazards and environmental challenges, highlighting the need for institutions to promote sustainable practices and workplace safety. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize integrated social, economic, and environmental sustainability, with health and universal health coverage as key themes. The International Council of Nurses (ICN) underscores nurses' vital role in achieving these goals by linking nursing care to public health, sustainability, climate action, and education. Developing sustainability competencies in nursing education requires practical training in environmentally responsible behaviors within healthcare settings, beyond theoretical knowledge.

Moulage Technique in Child Abuse Recognition

Early recognition of physical abuse in children is essential for ensuring child safety and preventing further harm. However, distinguishing abuse-related injuries from accidental findings can be challenging, especially for nursing students who have limited clinical experience. Simulation-based educational methods may provide safe and effective environments for developing these skills. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of moulage-based simulation training in improving nursing students' ability to recognize signs of physical abuse in children. The study will use a randomized controlled design in which students will be assigned to either a moulage-based simulation group or a control group receiving standard theoretical education. After a lecture on child physical abuse within the Child Health and Pediatric Nursing course, students will participate in laboratory practice sessions. The intervention group will assess a pediatric mannequin prepared with simulated abuse findings using moulage techniques. Students' knowledge and recognition of physical abuse indicators will be evaluated before and after the intervention. The study seeks to determine whether moulage-based education improves nursing students' recognition of physical abuse findings and supports the development of clinical assessment skills.

Gamification in Stoma Care Education for Nursing Students

his study aims to determine the effect of a gamification-based educational method on nursing students' learning of stoma care. The research will be conducted as a pretest-posttest, parallel-group randomized controlled experimental study. This research will be prepared under the guidance of the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) protocol, and the reporting of the randomized controlled study will be carried out under the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). Participants will consist of fourth-year nursing students who voluntarily agree to participate in the study. After obtaining informed consent, participants will complete a descriptive characteristics form and the Stoma Care Knowledge Test. Randomization will be performed based on baseline knowledge levels, and participants will be assigned to experimental and control groups. Students' knowledge levels will be assessed using the "Stoma Care Knowledge Test," and their skills will be evaluated using a "Skills Checklist." Following baseline knowledge and skill assessment, the experimental group will receive gamified stoma care education, while the control group will receive standard education. The gamification intervention is designed based on the Werbach D6 Model and aims to enhance students' knowledge and skills in stoma care. Post-intervention knowledge and skill assessments will be conducted one week after the training. In addition, follow-up measurements will be performed four weeks later to evaluate the retention of knowledge and skills.

Escape Room Simulation vs Case-Based Learning for Vital Sign Measurement in Nursing Students

This study compares two teaching methods for helping first-year nursing students learn how to select the correct anatomical site for vital sign measurement in different clinical conditions. Students will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: an escape room simulation group or a case-based learning group. Both groups will receive the same clinical content. Knowledge levels and anxiety will be measured before and after the intervention. Students in the escape room group will also complete scales measuring their gaming experience and satisfaction with learning. Additionally, focus group interviews will be conducted with escape room participants to explore their learning experiences in depth. The study uses a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design.

The Effect of Benner's Jigsaw Teaching Technique Based on the Novice to Expert Model and Scenario-Based Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization Instruction on Skill Acquisition of Nursing Students: An Experimental Study.

This randomized controlled experimental study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a training program based on the Jigsaw teaching technique and scenario-based learning in improving the peripheral intravenous catheterization skill levels of first-year nursing students. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group, receiving Jigsaw-based collaborative learning combined with clinical scenarios, or the control group receiving traditional skills training. The primary outcome is the improvement in students' clinical skill performance as measured by a standardized skill assessment checklist. The study seeks to determine whether innovative, active learning methods can enhance fundamental nursing skills training

Team-Based Learning Integrated Into Clinical Simulation in Nursing Students

This study aims to evaluate whether integrating Team-Based Learning (TBL) into clinical simulation improves learning outcomes in undergraduate nursing students compared with traditional simulation alone. Team-Based Learning (TBL) is an educational approach that actively involves students in small groups through individual preparation, teamwork, and application of knowledge to real-world problems. Clinical simulation is already widely used in nursing education to help students practice technical and non-technical skills in a safe environment. Combining these two approaches may enhance learning, but evidence is still limited. In this randomized controlled trial, third-year nursing students enrolled in the Bachelor of Nursing program at the University of Pisa will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group will receive a Team-Based Learning session before participating in a clinical simulation, while the control group will take part in standard simulation activities without TBL. The study will assess students' knowledge, technical skills, and teamwork competencies immediately after the educational activities and again at three and six months to evaluate retention of learning outcomes. Participation is voluntary and does not involve additional risks beyond standard educational activities.

Objectıve Structured Clınıcal Examınatıon Stress For Intravenous Perıpheral Catheterızatıon

In this planned study, the stress levels of nursing students regarding intravenous access during the OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) will be measured using self-report questionnaires and smartwatches. Stress levels will be compared with those of another student group who did not undergo the OSCE assessment but performed intravenous access procedures.

Evaluation of the Effects of Traditional and E-Learning Methods in Cancer Pain Care Education on Learning Outcomes and Institutional Costs

Cancer pain is a significant clinical problem that directly affects patients' quality of life and requires nurses to be equipped with adequate knowledge and skills to provide effective care. The current shift in knowledge and skill acquisition from traditional teaching methods toward e-learning-based approaches has increased the importance of comparing the effects of these educational methods on learning outcomes in cancer pain management education. Within this context, the course content on cancer pain management will be developed using both traditional and e-learning methods based on the ADDIE instructional design model. The effects of these two methods on students' learning outcomes and institutional teaching costs will be evaluated. Thus, this study aims to contribute to identifying effective and cost-efficient teaching strategies in nursing education.

Effectiveness of Digital Game-Based Learning in Teaching Surgical Site Infection Prevention to Nursing Students

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of digital game-based learning in teaching evidence-based surgical site infection prevention interventions to second-year nursing students. Using a mixed-methods randomized controlled design, students will be assigned to either a digital game-based learning group or a traditional theoretical education group. Quantitative outcomes will assess changes in students' knowledge levels and cognitive load across three measurement points (baseline, 4-week post-intervention, and 8-week follow-up). In addition, qualitative data will be collected through semi-structured interviews with students in the intervention group to explore their learning experiences and perceptions of the digital learning approach. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to evidence-based educational strategies in nursing education, particularly in the teaching of surgical site infection prevention.

Effect of Podcast-Based Education on Preoperative Nursing Competency and Evidence-Based Knowledge in Nursing Students

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of podcast-based education on nursing students' competency in preoperative patient care and their knowledge of evidence-based nursing practices. Preoperative care is a critical component of perioperative nursing and plays a key role in patient safety and surgical outcomes. Improving students' competency in this area is essential for maintaining quality care. In this quasi-experimental controlled study, undergraduate nursing students will be randomly assigned to either a control group receiving standard classroom education or an intervention group receiving standard education supplemented with structured podcast materials focusing on preoperative patient preparation and assessment. Outcomes will be measured using validated competency and knowledge assessment tools administered before and four weeks after the educational intervention. The study is designed as a minimal-risk educational intervention and seeks to determine whether podcast-based learning can enhance competency and evidence-based knowledge in nursing education.

Effect of Word Search and Case-Based Puzzle Use in Stoma Care Education of Nursing Students

Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of using word search and case-based puzzles in stoma care education on nursing students' knowledge levels. Given that traditional teaching methods may have limited effectiveness in helping students acquire knowledge and skills, the study aims to demonstrate the contribution of integrating active learning and gamification-based approaches into education. Design: The study is planned as a randomized controlled experimental design and will use a pre-test-post-test measurement approach. Method: The study will be conducted with second-year students from the Nursing Department at Gazi University. This research will be prepared under the guidance of the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) protocol, and the reporting of the randomized controlled study will be carried out under the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). In the study, students will be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group will receive training that includes word search and case-based puzzles during the stoma care training process, while the control group will receive training using traditional teaching methods. Students' knowledge levels will be assessed with measurements applied before and after the training, and student opinions regarding the training method will also be analyzed. The "Stoma Care Knowledge Level Assessment Test" will be used to evaluate knowledge levels, and the "Student Opinions on the Use of Puzzles and Word Searches in Stoma Education" form will be used to determine student opinions. Hypothesis: The null hypothesis (H0) of the study states that the use of word search and case-based puzzles in stoma care education has no effect on students' knowledge level; the alternative hypothesis (H1) states that this educational method significantly affects students' knowledge level.

Impact of AI-Based Research Training on Nursing Students

The goal of this clinical trial is to find out whether an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered research training course can improve nursing students' research skills, attitudes toward artificial intelligence, and readiness to use AI in research and education. The main questions this study aims to answer are: Does AI-powered research training improve nursing students' understanding of research methods? Does this training improve nursing students' attitudes toward artificial intelligence? Does the course increase nursing students' readiness and confidence to use artificial intelligence in research-related activities? Researchers will compare nursing students who take an AI-powered research training course with students who receive usual education without AI-based training. Participants will: Be randomly assigned to either the AI-powered research training group or the usual education group Complete online questionnaires about research skills, attitudes toward artificial intelligence, and readiness to use AI Attend assessments at three time points: before the course, immediately after the course, and three months later The AI-powered research training course includes structured sessions on research methods and the responsible use of artificial intelligence tools for literature review, research design, data analysis support, and academic writing. The results of this study may help improve research education and support the safe and effective use of artificial intelligence in nursing education and research.

The Effect of Post-Scenario Debriefing and Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice in Anaphylactic Shock Training on Nursing Students' Knowledge, Performance, Self-Confidence, and Satisfaction

This study aims to examine the effect of rapid cycle deliberate practice (RCDP) on nursing students' knowledge, performance, self-confidence, and satisfaction levels regarding anaphylactic shock management. Based on a randomized controlled study design, the study will compare third-year nursing students in terms of RCDP application with traditional analysis methods performed at the end of a scenario. Students, divided into intervention and control groups, will have their knowledge levels, simulation performance, self-confidence, and satisfaction assessed using various scales. The retention of learning and students' subjective learning experiences will also be included in the research. The outcome of this study will determine whether RCDP is an effective method for improving critical clinical decision-making and emergency management skills in nursing students.

Gamified Metaverse Education for Ventrogluteal IM Injection (G-META-IM)

This study aims to examine the effect of a gamified, metaverse-based education program on nursing students' knowledge and attitudes regarding ventrogluteal intramuscular injection. Intramuscular injection is a commonly used nursing skill that requires accurate anatomical knowledge and correct technique to ensure patient safety. The ventrogluteal site is considered a safe injection site; however, nursing students often report limited knowledge and confidence in its use. In this study, nursing students will be assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group will receive a gamified metaverse-based educational program designed to teach ventrogluteal site identification using the V method and the correct steps of intramuscular injection. The control group will receive traditional education using standard teaching methods. Data will be collected before and after the educational intervention using a knowledge test and a learning attitude scale. The results of this study are expected to provide evidence on the effectiveness of metaverse-based and gamified education approaches in nursing education and to support the development of safe and innovative learning environments for nursing students.

The Effect of Gamified Metaverse-Based Training on Nursing Students' Self-Efficacy and Metaverse Perception Regarding Pressure Injury Management

Introduction: Pressure ulcers are a largely preventable clinical problem that negatively impacts the quality of patient care and constitutes a significant economic burden for healthcare systems. The prevention and effective management of these ulcers are closely related to nurses' knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy levels. However, current nursing education programs show a limited number of practice-based and interactive training approaches for the prevention and management of pressure ulcers. In recent years, innovative and technology-supported training methods such as gamification and metaverse have emerged as promising approaches for improving students' knowledge and self-efficacy levels by increasing their active participation in learning processes. Aim: The aim of this research is to evaluate the effect of gamified metaverse-based training developed for nursing students on their knowledge level, academic self-efficacy, and metaverse perception regarding pressure ulcer management. Method: The research was planned as a randomized controlled experimental design. The population of the study will consist of students studying in the nursing department. The sample size was calculated using G\*Power based on PUKAT 2.0-T scores; Assuming a two-way α=0.05 and power=0.80, at least 26 participants were selected for each group, and the total sample size was planned as 60 students, taking into account possible losses. Participants will be administered a Demographic Information Form, the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Level Assessment Tool 2.0-Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T), and the Nursing Students Academic Self-Efficacy Scale. Participants will be randomly assigned to intervention and control groups based on their pre-test scores. The intervention group will receive traditional classroom theoretical training and gamified metaverse-based training for two weeks, while the control group will receive traditional classroom theoretical training. Post-tests will be administered immediately after the intervention and one month later. In addition, the Metaverse Perception Scale will be administered to the intervention group. Data will be collected using the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool 2.0-Updated Version (PUKAT 2.0-T), the Nursing Students Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Metaverse Perception Scale for Nursing Students. Results: The obtained data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Conclusion: This research is expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of innovative digital education models in nursing education and contribute to the development of educational strategies for the prevention of pressure ulcers.

The Effectiveness of Gamified Metaverse-Based Training on Patient Safety for Nursing Students

Introduction: Patient safety issues, such as medication errors, healthcare-associated infections, unsafe surgical procedures, and diagnostic errors, can negatively impact the quality of healthcare and patient outcomes due to preventable risks. There is a need for innovative, interactive educational approaches to ensure the lasting acquisition of patient safety competencies in nursing students and to strengthen their transfer to the clinical environment. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effect of gamified metaverse-based training on patient safety competencies in nursing students and to assess student opinions regarding metaverse-based training. Method: The research will be conducted using a mixed-methods design. The quantitative phase will be an experimental design including intervention and control groups, pre-test-post-test, and a one-month follow-up (retention test). The research will be conducted between February 2026 and May 2026 with second-year students studying in the Spring semester of 2025-2026 at Başkent University Nursing Department in Ankara. According to G\*Power calculations, a minimum sample size of 52 was found; considering a possible 10% loss, the total sample size was planned as 60 students (intervention=30, control=30). All participants will take the Patient Safety Knowledge Level Test (pre-test) and the Patient Safety Competency Self-Assessment Tool before the training. This will be followed by 2 hours of traditional theoretical training on patient safety; the intervention group will also receive gamified metaverse-based training via Spatial.io for two weeks. Post-tests will be administered after the training and one month later. Data collection tools include the Demographic Information Form, the Patient Safety Knowledge Level Test, the Patient Safety Competency Self-Assessment Tool (PSCS), and focus group interviews to be conducted in the intervention group. Quantitative data will be analyzed through within-group and between-group comparisons; qualitative data will be analyzed using thematic analysis, and the findings will be interpreted holistically. Findings (Expected): Gamified metaverse-based training is expected to provide a greater increase in mean scores on the Patient Safety Knowledge Level Test (PSL) and total and sub-dimension scores (knowledge-skills-attitudes) of nursing students compared to the control group, and to support the retention of these results. Conclusion: This study is expected to generate evidence regarding the effectiveness of gamified metaverse-based training in improving patient safety competencies in nursing education and to contribute to the structuring of patient safety training in a more integrated, student-centered, and sustainable manner.

Gagne Learning Model in Nursing Education

This study aims to examine the effect of breast cancer education, conducted using the Gagne learning model, on nursing students' knowledge, attitudes towards learning, and critical thinking skills.

Serious Game for Improving Targeted Temperature Management Knowledge and Situational Awareness in Critical Care Nurses

This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a serious game in improving targeted temperature management (TTM) knowledge and situational awareness among critical care nurses. A total of 120 nurses from adult intensive care units will be randomly assigned to either a control group receiving traditional lecture-based teaching or an experimental group receiving lecture-based teaching combined with a digital serious game. Outcomes will be measured using a TTM knowledge test, a situational awareness scale, and a system usability scale. The findings will provide evidence for the use of serious games as an innovative educational strategy to enhance post-resuscitation care quality and patient safety.

Evaluation of Breastfeeding Education Using the Role-Play Technique

Adolescence is defined as a period of rapid biological and physical development, as well as sexual and psychosocial maturation, during which the individual gains independence and social productivity. This developmental period largely corresponds to the age range of 10 to 19 years, consistent with the WHO (World Health Organization) definition of adolescence. Adolescent pregnancy is considered a public health issue by the WHO due to its biopsychosocial effects on maternal and child health. Adolescents often seek antenatal care late due to a lack of information, limited access to healthcare, social pressure, and fear of stigma. There are many increased risks for both mother and newborn during adolescent pregnancy. The low educational level of adolescent pregnant women also negatively affects access to necessary healthcare services. Breastfeeding is the most appropriate way to provide breast milk to the baby for healthy development. It is the healthiest, easiest, most natural, and most economical method of feeding the baby. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends initiating breastfeeding within the first hour after birth . Providing planned education to protect and improve the health of individuals, families, and communities, and to ensure they acquire correct health behaviors, is among the fundamental duties of nurses, who are in the most contact with healthy/sick individuals in the community. Role-playing is among the educational methods used to increase awareness in nursing. Role-playing is used in education as a skill-oriented teaching method that enables social communication skills, active listening, empathy for emotions, and seeing excerpts from real life in teaching knowledge and skills. Especially in educational groups with low education levels, the effectiveness of education can be increased by using the role-playing technique.

The Effects of Contextual-Based Augmented Reality Facilitated Education in Promoting Oral Mucositis Care Among Nurses

In recent years, cancer has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with an increasing number of people being diagnosed with the disease. Current cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy (RT), concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). While these treatments have improved survival rates for many patients, they often lead to adverse side effects, one of the most common being oral mucositis (OM). Oral mucositis in cancer patients differs from general types of oral ulcers, primarily caused by the toxicity of chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy, leading to extensive damage to epithelial cells. This study aims to validate the effectiveness of "situational augmented reality-assisted instruction" in an educational intervention program for oral mucositis care in enhancing nursing personnel's knowledge of oral mucositis care, oral mucositis care abilities, clinical reasoning skills, and learning engagement. A randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted using convenience sampling, targeting nursing personnel from cancer-related units at a teaching hospital in northern Taiwan. A follow-up study with repeated measures in two groups was performed. Self-developed scales based on relevant literature and expert recommendations were used to assess knowledge of oral mucositis care and self-evaluated oral mucositis care abilities. Additionally, the Clinical Reasoning Scale (CRS) by Huang et al. (2023) and the Learning Engagement Scale revised by Chiu (2020) were employed as research tools. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 29.0, with descriptive statistics including frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The results of this study will provide relevant institutions and educational training units with references for the content and assessment of oral mucositis care courses for cancer nursing personnel, and further applications of the research findings.

The Effectiveness of Augmented Reality Facilitated Education in Promoting Care Management of Malignant Fungating Wounds Among Oncology Nurses

Malignant fungating wounds (MFWs) affect 5-14% of patients with advanced cancer, making them a common complication in this population. Characterized by symptoms such as foul odor, heavy exudate, bleeding, moderate to severe pain, and infection, MFWs cause significant physical discomfort and pose life-threatening risks while also leading to profound psychosocial issues, including shame and social isolation. These factors severely impact patients' quality of life, with half of those diagnosed surviving only six months on average. However, clinical nursing staff often lack adequate knowledge and skills in managing MFWs, with an average accuracy rate of just 56.5%. Notable deficiencies exist in areas such as wound disinfection, odor control, and wound assessment, directly affecting the quality of patient care and highlighting an urgent need for specialized MFW training. Traditional MFW education often lacks real-life clinical scenarios and hands-on practice, resulting in a gap between learning and application and leaving learners ill-prepared for the complexities of clinical settings. In contrast, augmented reality (AR) technology presents new possibilities for nursing education. AR can create highly simulated clinical environments where learners can safely practice complex clinical skills, enhancing clinical decision-making abilities. The implementation of AR-based training programs provides nursing staff with a more realistic and effective learning experience, allowing them to better address the challenges posed by MFWs and ultimately contributing to improvements in patient care and quality of life.

Debriefing Styles and Clinical Judgment in Nursing Students

Simulation is a cornerstone of health sciences education, with debriefing being its most critical component for fostering clinical skills. While various debriefing styles exist, there is limited evidence comparing the effectiveness of instructor-centered (ICT) versus learner-centered (LCT) approaches, specifically on the development of clinical judgment in nursing students.

The Effect of Artificial Intelligence-Supported Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Injection Training on Nursing Students

The complexity of healthcare services and technological advances today have necessitated the adoption of innovative approaches in nursing education. Among these innovative approaches, artificial intelligence (AI) has established itself as a technology that is increasingly present in nursing education processes, offering a supportive, personalized, and interactive learning experience. AI's contributions to nursing students' acquisition of fundamental competencies such as clinical decision-making, skill development, and critical thinking are rapidly increasing. Especially in high-risk, invasive, and clinically skill-intensive applications, AI-supported educational models both enhance learning quality and support patient safety. Intramuscular and subcutaneous injections are among the basic invasive skills that nursing students must learn. These applications require a high level of cognitive and psychomotor competence from students. Incorrect injection practices can lead to complications such as drug absorption problems, nerve damage, hematoma, or infection, making it critically important to teach these skills correctly and safely. In this context, AI-supported education systems stand out as an effective tool for teaching injection skills. Artificial intelligence-based chatbots provide students with both theoretical knowledge and practical guidance. For example, before injecting a muscle group, a student can learn about the anatomy of the muscle, determine the correct angle, and remember precautions against potential complications through the chatbot. Artificial intelligence also reinforces the learning process by instantly answering students' questions, preventing the acquisition of incorrect information. Recent studies emphasize that AI-supported learning tools positively influence students' attitudes toward learning, increasing their motivation and academic satisfaction levels. Accordingly, the integration of AI-based technologies in the process of training future nurses is no longer an option but a necessity. Particularly in complex and delicate skills such as intramuscular and subcutaneous injections, AI-supported chatbots can facilitate student learning, increase skill accuracy, and support clinical safety. Therefore, it is crucial for nursing education programs to combine artificial intelligence technologies with pedagogical foundations to provide student-centered, safe, and effective learning environments.

The Effect of Escape Room Method in Nursing Process Teaching

This study will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of education provided through the educational escape room method in nursing process teaching and to examine its effects on 4th-year nursing students' self-efficacy, teamwork, and anxiety.