Clinical Research Directory

Comparison of LSTR and Pulpectomy in Primary Molars of Pediatric Patients (LSTR-PULP)

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair (LSTR) with conventional pulpectomy in treating pulpal lesions in primary molars of pediatric patients aged 4 to 10 years. LSTR is a minimally invasive method that uses antibiotic paste to disinfect infected tissue without full canal instrumentation. Children participating in this study will receive either the LSTR technique or standard pulpectomy, and the clinical and radiographic success of both treatments will be evaluated over a 12-month period. The goal is to determine whether LSTR is a safe and effective alternative to pulpectomy in primary teeth.

Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Status in Children With Specific Learning Disabilities

This study aims to evaluate dental caries and oral hygiene status in children aged 7-12 years with specific learning disabilities (SLD) and to compare the findings with healthy children. Clinical oral examinations, including dmft/DMFT, ICDAS II, Plaque Index, and Gingival Index assessments, will be performed. In addition, questionnaire-based evaluations of oral hygiene habits, dietary habits, and parental supervision during toothbrushing will be conducted.

Retention and Caries Prevention of Giomer Sealant With or Without Diode Laser Pre-treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This randomized controlled trial evaluates the effect of diode laser pre-treatment on the retention and caries prevention of giomer-based fissure sealants in young adults aged 17-22 years. The study compares sealant application with and without diode laser conditioning on molars with ICDAS 0-2 fissures over a 12-month follow-up period. Primary outcome is sealant retention using Simonsen's criteria, while secondary outcome is caries prevention using modified USPHS criteria. The study hypothesizes that diode laser pre-treatment may improve sealant retention and enhance caries prevention by modifying enamel surface characteristics and improving sealant penetration.

Luting Cements for Prefabricated Zirconia Crown Retention in Primary Anterior Teeth in Children

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the long-term clinical performance of three different luting cements used to bond prefabricated zirconia crowns (PZCs) on primary front teeth in young children. The trial will determine whether any single cement offers superior retention, gum health, or marginal sealing compared to the others over a 3-year period. Main Questions: The study aims to answer the following: Are conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), bioactive resin-modified glass ionomer cement (BioCem™), and self-adhesive resin cement (SARC) equivalent in retaining prefabricated zirconia crowns on primary incisors over 36 months? Do these cements differ in their effect on gingival health, plaque accumulation, or marginal discoloration around the cemented crown? Comparison: Researchers will compare three parallel groups of children whose primary incisors are restored with identical prefabricated zirconia crowns but cemented with one of the three different luting cements. Participants will: Receive a clinical and radiographic dental examination at screening. Undergo placement of one or more prefabricated zirconia crowns on primary anterior teeth using their randomly assigned cement. Return to the clinic for blinded follow-up evaluations at 12, 24, and 36 months for assessment of crown retention, gingival health, plaque, and marginal staining.

THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM FLUORIDE AND CHLORHEXIDINE USE ON SALIVARY IL-6 AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH ACTIVE CARIES

Methods:The study will be conducted at Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry. The study will be initiated after obtaining ethics committee approval. The nature of the study will be explained to the children and their parents/guardians; informed consent will be obtained through patient information forms and informed consent forms. Investigator calibration will be conducted to minimize measurement error and eliminate inter-observer variability. In this context, the investigator will perform active caries assessment on a group of children excluded from the study at two different time points, and the consistency between the two measurements will be evaluated using Cohen's kappa method. If the agreement coefficient reaches a sufficient level, the investigator will be permitted to begin clinical data collection. Similarly, trial samplings will be conducted for the saliva collection protocol, and study procedures will commence once consistency in sample collection time, volume, and processing steps is ensured. Sample size calculations were performed assuming 80% power (1-β = 0.80), a significance level of α = 0.05, and Cohen's d ≈ 0.8 effect size for a two-independent-group comparison. Analyses were conducted using G\*Power 3.1 software (Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany), and the sample size was determined as 20 participants per group:Group A: 5% Sodium Fluoride (NaF) varnish - topical applicationGroup B: 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) +5% NaF varnish - topical application. Group C: Standard care / oral hygiene education (negative control). Group D: Caries-free children (biological control; matched by age and sex; no intervention, baseline saliva sampling only). Measurement Time Points: T0 (Baseline): Pre-intervention (preferably between 09:00-11:00 AM; at least 1 hour after eating/tooth brushing/sugar consumption), dmft/ICDAS assessment and saliva collection. T1: Post-intervention , T2: 1 month (30 days). Saliva Collection, Processing, and Storage:Participants and their parents will be asked not to eat or drink for at least 1 hour prior to saliva collection. Morning hours will be preferred for sample collection, and the time of application will be recorded. First, the patient will be asked to accumulate unstimulated saliva, which will then be aspirated from the floor of the mouth using disposable syringes to prevent potential contamination. The sample will then be transferred to an Eppendorf tube and labeled. All procedures will be performed under isolation using sterile dental instruments, cotton rolls, and aspirators. Samples will be identified by code numbers assigned during collection and processing, and the same codes will be used for subsequent sample collections.Saliva samples will be re-collected after preventive applications. Patients will be recalled at 1 month for saliva sampling. Each sample will be transported immediately after collection, then centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 minutes at 4 °C to remove insoluble particles. Eppendorf tubes will be stored at -80 °C in a freezer.Subsequently, IL-6, MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 levels in saliva samples will be evaluated using a human saliva enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) will be used for the quantitative measurement of target biomarkers. All analyses will be conducted in accordance with the manufacturer's protocol, and the kits are CE-marked and/or FDA-approved.Aim:To compare the biomarkers IL-6, MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1-representing the key components of the inflammation-matrix degradation axis-between healthy children and caries-active children, and to evaluate the effects of materials such as NaF and CHX used in caries prevention on these parameters.Inclusion Criteria:Age: 6-8 years, (Groups A, B, C): Participants must meet at least one of the following criteria:dmft ≥ 6, or, Presence of at least one active caries lesion with an ICDAS code ≥ 3, or, Clinical evidence of active caries on ≥ 10 surfaces.(Group D):All surfaces caries-free and non-high-risk individuals (ICDAS II = 0). (Only baseline (T0) saliva sampling will be performed.)Exclusion Criteria:Professional topical fluoride application or continuous CHX use within the past 3 months., Systemic chronic disease, immunodeficiency, or severe neuromotor disorder., Presence of gingival redness, swelling, or bleeding., All first permanent molars not yet erupted., Known allergy to fluoride compounds., Behavioral problems that would prevent safe cooperation during application., Regular antibiotic use within the past 1 month., According to Ethics Committee regulations: individuals with infectious diseases, those at high risk of endocarditis, those with allergy to varnish components, individuals with a history of substance dependence, those with epilepsy, and those with renal failure or immunosuppression.

QLF and Digital Imaging for Caries Activity Assessment After Orthodontic Treatment

This prospective longitudinal observational study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance and agreement of Smartphone photography, intraoral 3D imaging, Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence Digital (QLF-D), and ICDAS clinical criteria for assessing non-cavitated caries lesion activity in post-orthodontic patients under a preventive follow-up program. Thirty participants aged 11 to 46 years with active initial caries lesions will be followed for three months. Clinical examinations, QLF-D imaging, smartphone photographs, and intraoral 3D scans will be obtained at baseline and follow-up visits combined with professional prophylaxis and oral hygiene reinforcement. The study will analyze changes in lesion activity, fluorescence parameters, and surface characteristics over time, as well as the agreement and diagnostic performance among the evaluated methods.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Minimally Invasive Protocols for Dental Caries in Brazilian Schoolchildren

This multicenter longitudinal interventional study aims to evaluate minimally invasive protocols for the prevention and control of dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren under routine public health conditions. In the first phase, 50,000 children aged 6 to 12 years from public schools in five Brazilian cities will undergo dental screening using ICDAS criteria and receive preventive and educational oral health measures. In the longitudinal treatment phase, 2,500 children diagnosed with active carious lesions will be managed according to ICDAS-based minimally invasive treatment protocols. Participants will be followed every three months for up to 24 months.

Obesity and Oral Diseases in Adult Patients

Overweight and obesity are among the major chronic disorders of the 21st century and one of the fastest growing health problems worldwide. Obesity is accompanied by a state of low-grade inflammation which may contribute to the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, and certain cancers. Furthermore, obesity has been associated with oral health problems as hyposalivation, dental caries and periodontitis. The management and treatment of obesity is outlined in clinical guidelines from American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology and European Association for the Study of Obesity. The cornerstone is life-style modification programs aiming to reduce energy intake and increase physical activity, referred to as conservative treatment. All patients must undergo a thorough systematic work-up. The work-up concludes in a final multi-disciplinary meeting with a concrete individualized plan on how sustained weight-loss is to be achieved; either by a non-surgical or a surgical approach (Bariatric surgery). Periodontitis is cited to be the sixth most prevalent chronic condition globally. The mechanisms by which obesity affects the periodontal tissues is poorly understood, and the understanding of the key role of adipocytes in the inflammatory response to infections is crucial in comprehending how periodontal disease susceptibility may be modified in obese individuals. The main objectives of the present research project are to explore the association between obesity and oral diseases and further, to assess how weight changes following non-surgical and surgical interventions of obese patients may affect the cariological and periodontal health status. Four hundred patients referred to the Obesity Centre at Haukeland University Hospital, Norway will consecutively be screened and invited to participate in this prospective cohort study. At baseline, detailed medical and oral data will be obtained from health forms, questionnaires, clinical examinations, and by consulting the patient's care team. Following baseline examination, all patients will undergo a thorough systematic work-up consisting av interviews and consultations concluding in a final multi-disciplinary individualized non-surgical or surgical treatment plan on how sustained weight-loss can be achieved. New sets of medical, oral, and molecular data will be collected at 3-, 12- and 18-month following non-surgical/surgical interventions.

3D Scanning as an Advanced Tool for Identifying Tooth Lesions in Children

This study focuses on assessing dental caries, erosive tooth wear, and fluorosis in primary teeth using a 3D intraoral digital scanner. The investigator will validate findings using three key indices: ICDAS (for caries), BEWE (for erosive wear), and TF (for fluorosis). Teeth will be cleaned and examined visually using dental tools and light. After visual checks, teeth will be scanned with a 3D intraoral scanner. Children aged 3-12 years with fully erupted primary teeth, seeking dental treatment at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry. The visual examination and digital scanning will be performed just once and during the dental appointment at the clinic of Pediatric Dentistry following the protocols used in the clinical routine. It is expected to complete the visual examination and the digital scanning in 30 minutes.

Clinical Study Evaluating Solventum™ Vitrebond™ Pulp Protect Liner/Base for Direct Capping of Pulpal Exposure

This research study is looking at the safety and effectiveness of Solventum™ Vitrebond™ Pulp Protect Liner/Base for direct pulp capping (DPC) on permanent teeth that have pulp exposure due either to deep cavities, trauma, or other accidental causes. Dental pulp is the part of the tooth that contains the nerves, blood vessels, and cells that keep teeth healthy. The DPC procedure is done by dentists to help preserve tooth health if there is pulp exposure during the tooth restoration or due to trauma. Participants must have at least one permanent tooth with pulp exposure that needs DPC to be eligible for the study.

Injectable Bioactive Composites vs RMGI for Proximal Cavities in Primary Molars

This randomized clinical trial aims to evaluate and compare the clinical performance of injectable bioactive composite (Beautifil Flow Plus X, Shofu) versus Resin Modified Glass Ionomer (RMGI) in restoring proximal cavities (Class II) in primary molars of children aged 3-8 years over a 12-month follow-up period, using revised FDI criteria.

Intraoral Scan and CBCT-Aided Diagnosis of Dental Plaque and Caries

This prospective clinical study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of intraoral scans (IOS) for the detection of dental plaque and caries. The diagnostic performance of IOS will be compared with current clinical reference standards. For plaque assessment, IOS-based evaluation will be compared with plaque detection using disclosing agents. For caries detection, IOS (including white-light imaging and caries detection features) will be compared with conventional visual inspection and bitewing radiography. Adult patients aged 18 to 70 years will be included.

Detection of Non-cavitated Occlusal Caries Lesions by Visual Inspection, LF, QLF and NILT

This study aims to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of visual examination using ICDAS-II and three adjunctive optical methods-laser fluorescence (LF), near-infrared light transillumination (NILT), and quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF)-for the detection of non-cavitated occlusal caries lesions in children. A total of 51 children aged 6-14 years, including 320 posterior teeth, will be examined under standardized clinical conditions. Diagnostic performance will be assessed using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC) values. The findings are expected to support the use of adjunctive diagnostic methods for early detection and minimally invasive management of occlusal caries.

Occlusal Changes After Modified Hall Technique in Molars Affected by Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) frequently affects permanent first molars and increases the risk of rapid post-eruptive breakdown and restorative failure. Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are considered a reliable treatment option for severely affected molars; however, SSC placement may temporarily alter the occlusal vertical dimension and occlusal contacts. Quantitative evidence describing the occlusal adaptation process following SSC placement in MIH-affected permanent molars is limited. This prospective longitudinal clinical study aims to evaluate occlusal adaptation after SSC placement using the modified Hall technique in MIH-affected permanent first molars. Forty-six children will be included. Intraoral scans will be obtained at baseline, immediately after treatment, and during follow-up visits up to 3 months. Digital models will be superimposed to measure three-dimensional changes in cusp position, occluso-vertical dimension, and occlusal contact area. Temporomandibular joint function and periodontal parameters will also be assessed. The results are expected to provide quantitative evidence on occlusal adaptation following SSC treatment in MIH-affected molars.

Mothers' Action Project for Child Health

This randomized controlled trial will recruit Bangladeshi mothers and their young children into a 12 month intervention that provides child health and oral health education and seeks to build social networks among mothers.

Comparison of Clinical Performance of Partial Restorations Fabricated With Three-Dimensional Printer and CAD-CAM

The aim of this clinical study is to compare CAD-CAM and 3D restorations in individuals with two hard tissue losses or restorations in their mouths. The main question it aims to answer is: Is there a difference between CAD-CAM and 3D restorations according to FDI criteria? Researchers will compare participants to see if there is a difference between the two restorations according to FDI criteria. In this split-mouth study, participants will be randomized to receive a CAD-CAM partial restoration on one tooth and a 3D partial restoration on the other tooth.

Clinical Performance of Four Restorative Materials in Primary Molars

This randomized clinical trial aims to compare the clinical and radiographic performance of four direct restorative materials used for restoring carious primary molars in children. Eligible children aged 4-8 years with posterior primary molars requiring direct restoration will be randomly allocated (1:1:1:1) to receive one of the following materials: an alkasite restorative material (Cention N), a self-cure bulk-fill resin composite (Stela; SDI), a conventional light-cured nanohybrid resin composite (Beautifil II), or a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Riva Light Cure). Restorations will be evaluated using the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) World Dental Federation criteria. Postoperative sensitivity will be assessed at 48 hours using a 0-10 visual analogue scale (VAS). Clinical and radiographic follow-up assessments will be conducted at baseline and at scheduled recall visits

Effect of MI Paste Plus™ on Streptococcus Mutans and White Spot Lesions in Fixed Orthodontics

Background This study is part of a doctoral research project at Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU (Spain), directed by Prof. Santiago Arias de Luxán and conducted by doctoral candidate Shirli Kelmendi within the PhD program in Translational Medicine. Fixed orthodontic appliances complicate oral hygiene by creating retention areas that favor bacterial colonization and alter microbial balance. These conditions increase plaque accumulation and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) proliferation in saliva and plaque. The frequent low-pH environment favors aciduric bacteria such as S. mutans and lactobacilli, promoting enamel demineralization and formation of white spot lesions (WSLs) or cavitations. WSLs appear as opaque white areas due to subsurface mineral loss, mainly in the gingival third of the crown. They may develop as early as one month after bracket placement, while in patients without appliances, progression occurs after at least six months. Increased S. mutans levels have been reported as early as six weeks after treatment start. Risk factors include poor brushing, lack of floss or rinse use, time since last cleaning, and presence of caries or lesions. Intervention MI Paste Plus (GC, Japan) is a remineralizing cream with 0.20% sodium fluoride (900 ppm) and 10% CPP-ACP (RECALDENT™), providing calcium and phosphate stabilized by casein phosphopeptides. It has antibacterial and remineralizing effects, suitable during or after orthodontic treatment to prevent or reduce WSLs. Objective To evaluate whether MI Paste Plus during fixed orthodontic treatment reduces S. mutans counts in saliva and/or WSL incidence. Study Design A prospective, triple-blind, randomized clinical trial, approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health of Albania and the Ethics Committee for Human Research of Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU, Spain. The study will include 200 patients (100 per group) from two orthodontic clinics in Tirana, Albania. Participants will be stratified by age, risk level, and appliance type, then randomized by third parties. Outcome Measures Primary variables: S. mutans counts in saliva and number of WSLs after 3 months. Standardized saliva collection, culturing, and bacterial quantification ensure consistency. Clinical assessments will be performed at 1 and 3 months using QRay Cam Pro (Inspektor Systems, Netherlands) for quantitative fluorescence and ICDAS for visual inspection. Data will be analyzed using SPSS/R Commander software.

A Clinical Trial to Compare the Safety and Performance of Two Different Curing Modes in the Direct Filling Therapy in Deciduous Teeth

The overall aim of this clinical investigation is to assess the clinical performance and safety of composite restorations cured with fast curing mode (5 seconds with 2000 mW/cm²) in primary molars.

Oral Health, Dento-facial Condition and OHRQoL in Subjects With Mowat-Wilson Syndrome: an Epidemiologic Study.

Mowat-Wilson Syndrome (MWS) is a rare syndrome characterized by the presence of facial gestalt and delayed psychomotor development, variably associated with intellectual disability, epilepsy, Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) and multiple congenital malformations. Although there is evidence of the presence of dental and craniofacial anomalies in MWS, little epidemiological data is available to date. The goal of this observational study is to assess oral health and dento-facial phenotype of people affected by Mowat-Wilson Syndrome (MWS). In addition, the Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) will be investigated.

Effect of Ferric Sulphate and Putty MTA as Pulpotomy Agent in Vital Primary Teeth

The pulp in primary teeth has a high potential for repair because of high degree of cellularity and vascularity. The rationale for the pulpotomy procedure is that the radicular pulp tissue is healthy and capable of healing after surgical amputation of the affected or the infected coronal pulp. There is ample information about pulpotomy in deciduous molars using formocresol, glutaraldehyde, electrosurgery, ferric sulphate, calcium hydroxide, MTA etc. The vital pulpotomy process using formocresol has been widely accepted in primary tooth pulp therapy because of its simplicity and good prognosis. However, much concern as arisen over the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of formaldehyde containing products, the cytotoxic effects of formocresol and the possible diffusion into the surrounding and systemic tissues. In order to avoid the possible harmful effects of formocresol; other pulpotomy agents for vital pulpotomy procedure is being sought such as ferric sulphate and MTA with promising results due to their advantages such as devitalization and regenerative agents respectively. Ferric sulphate \[Fe2(SO4)3\] as a 15.5% solution is a coagulative and local hemostatic agent. Ferric sulphate is a material with minimal devitalization and non-induction of pulp tissue. It is used as a coagulative and hemostatic retraction agent. Ferric sulfate is proposed as a pulpotomy agent on the theory that its mechanism of controlling hemorrhage might minimize the chances for inflammation. Ranly proposes the possibility that the metal-protein clot at the surface of the pulp stumps may act as a barrier to the irritative components of the sub-base which helps in minimizing the complications from the material. The hemostatic properties of ferric sulfate and the favorable pulpal response make it a promising medicament for pulpotomy. Erdem AP et al in their study observed no significant differences among 3 experimental materials MTA, Formocresol and Ferric sulphate. Fei AL et al observed clinical ad radiographic success than the Formocresol group at the end of one year. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is one such regenerative material recognized as the reference material for conservative pulp vitality treatments in primary teeth, with high pulpotomy success rates (90%-100%) in clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic studies. However, MTA has difficult handling characteristics, contains heavy metals such as alumina and bismuth oxide, and is expensive. Technological improvements in the medical meteorology led to development and innovations in bioceramic nanotechnology (Bioceramics) which exhibit excellent biocompatibility with properties in unison with hydroxyapatite. Recently, bioceramic putty, a calcium silicate based nanoparticulate material, was introduced into dentistry as a root repairing material. It is an insoluble, radiopaque, aluminum free, and zirconium oxide incorporated material developed for potential dental surgery applications. Moreover, it stimulates the deposition of hydroxyapatite on its surface when exposed to tissue fluids, forms well organized dentin, and has low cytotoxicity. Despite its ease of handling, high viscosity, shorter setting time, better physical properties over MTA and the biomimetic property of bioceramics, its clinical application in the field of vital pulp therapy in primary teeth has not been explored so far. Kumar KR et al in their study showed clinical success rate of 95 % and radiographic success rate of around 90% with MTA. Some studies have reported internal resorption seen with ferric sulphate pulpotomy, sensitivity, premature tooth loss , furcation radiolucency, gingival swelling but not attributed the exact reason for the same. They attributed to tooth selection for the procedure. Hence proper tooth selection is a criteria for the success of pulpotomy.

Polymer Induced Liquid Precursor (PILP) in Adults in With Dentin Caries

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if polymer-induced liquid precursor (PILP) can be used safely to treat dentin caries (cavities) in adults. The main question it aims to answer is: Is PILP (conditioner or liner) safe in adult teeth with dental caries? Researchers will compare PILP to a placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no drug) to see if PILP safely treats cavities in teeth. Participants will: 1) Have PILP or placebo applied to their tooth prior to the placement of a filling in the tooth, 2) Complete two telephone calls within three months of filling placement and 3) Visit the clinic at three months and six months after the placement of the filling.

Building Adaptive School-based Interventions for Caries

Dental caries (tooth decay) is the world's most prevalent noncommunicable disease. Current preventive and therapeutic treatments are available that can be provided in a school-based health service environment. However, not all children respond to care, and school programs can result in under- or over-treatment, leaving children at high risk. The Building Adaptive School-based Interventions for Caries (BASICS) study will identify the optimal sequence and intensity of these treatments to minimize nonresponse, creating adaptive interventions tailored to specific needs in order to personalize school-based dental medicine.

Effects of Different Remineralization Agents on the Progression of Non-Cavitated Approximal Carious Lesions in Primary Teeth: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Dental caries is a highly prevalent disease in children. Contemporary caries management emphasizes minimally invasive approaches that aim to arrest or reverse non-cavitated lesions rather than remove tooth structure. This randomized clinical trial aims to evaluate the effects of different remineralization agents on the progression of non-cavitated approximal carious lesions in primary teeth. The study will be conducted in children aged 4-10 years presenting with non-cavitated approximal carious lesions in primary molars. Participants will be randomly assigned to treatment groups receiving silver diamine fluoride (SDF), a self-assembling peptide (P11-4), and/or 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish. Materials will be applied according to manufacturers' instructions. Lesion progression will be assessed using standardized bitewing radiographs obtained at baseline and follow-up visits. Radiographic evaluations will be performed by blinded investigators. In addition, potential tooth color changes associated with the treatments will be quantitatively measured using a spectrophotometer based on the CIE Lab\* system at predefined follow-up intervals. The findings of this study are expected to provide clinically relevant evidence regarding the effectiveness and aesthetic outcomes of contemporary non-invasive caries management strategies in primary teeth.